| 1. |
- Billstedt, Eva, 1961, et al.
(author)
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A 37-year prospective study of neuroticism and extraversion in women followed from mid-life to late life.
- 2014
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In: Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1600-0447 .- 0001-690X. ; 129:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Personality traits are presumed to endure over time, but the literature regarding older age is sparse. Furthermore, interpretation may be hampered by the presence of dementia-related personality changes. The aim was to study stability in neuroticism and extraversion in a population sample of women who were followed from mid-life to late life. METHOD: A population-based sample of women born in 1918, 1922 or 1930 was examined with the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) in 1968-1969. EPI was assessed after 37 years in 2005-2006 (n = 153). Data from an interim examination after 24 years were analysed for the subsample born in 1918 and 1922 (n = 75). Women who developed dementia at follow-up examinations were excluded from the analyses. RESULTS: Mean levels of neuroticism and extraversion were stable at both follow-ups. Rank-order and linear correlations between baseline and 37-year follow-up were moderate ranging between 0.49 and 0.69. Individual changes were observed, and only 25% of the variance in personality traits in 2005-2006 could be explained by traits in 1968-1969. CONCLUSION: Personality is stable at the population level, but there is significant individual variability. These changes could not be attributed to dementia. Research is needed to examine determinants of these changes, as well as their clinical implications.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Gudmundsson, Pia, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Depression in Swedish women: relationship to factors at birth.
- 2011
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In: European journal of epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-7284 .- 0393-2990. ; 26:1, s. 55-60
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Depression is a common and serious disorder that may have developmental origins. Birth-related factors have been related to childhood and adult occurrence of somatic as well as psychiatric disorders, but studies on the relationship between birth-related factors and depression are few and show mixed results. In addition, varying methods have been used to assess depression. Standardized clinical criteria to diagnose depression, combined with birth data collected from midwife records have not been used in most studies. Participants in the Prospective Population Study of Women in Sweden (803 women), born 1914, 1918, 1922 and 1930, provide information on birth factors and depression. Women participated from 1968 at mid-life ages of 38-60 years, to 2000, when they were age 78-92 years. Original birth records containing birth weight, length, head circumference, and gestational time, as well as social factors were obtained. Lifetime depression was diagnosed via multiple information sources. Symptoms were assessed using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale and diagnoses were based on DSM-III-R criteria. Over their lifetime, 44.6% of women in this sample experienced depression. Birth weights ≤ 3500 g [odds ratio (OR), age-adjusted = 1.72; 95% CI 1.29-2.28, P < 0.001] and shorter gestational time (OR, age-adjusted = 1.13; 95% CI 1.04-1.24, P = 0.005) were independently associated with a higher odds of lifetime depression in a logistic regression model adjusted for age. Lower than median birth weights and shorter gestational time were related to lifetime depression in women. Both neurodevelopmental and environmental contributions to lifetime depression may be considered.
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| 4. |
- Gudmundsson, Pia, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Longitudinal associations between physical activity and depression scores in Swedish women followed 32 years
- 2015
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In: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-690X .- 1600-0447. ; 132:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Physical activity is negatively associated with depressive symptoms. However, few studies consider dynamic associations of changes in physical activity and reciprocal relationships. This study aimed to perform comprehensive evaluations of relationships between physical activity and depression scores in women followed from mid- to late life. Method: The Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden, provided repeated measures of self-reported physical activity and depressive symptoms between 1974 and 2005 (baseline N = 676, 84.5% response rate). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, and physical activity was evaluated by the Saltin–Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale. Latent growth curve analyses were used to evaluate associations of change, and cross-lagged models were used to study the reciprocal relationship between physical activity and depression scores. Results: At baseline, lower levels of physical activity were related to higher depression scores. Individuals with decreasing physical activity over time evidenced higher depression scores at 32-year follow-up. Higher average baseline depression score was related to declining levels of physical activity at subsequent examinations. Conclusion: Reduced physical activity may be a long-term consequence of depression. It is important to address individual changes in physical activity and not merely absolute levels of physical activity in relationship to depression.
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| 5. |
- Johansson, Lena, 1972, et al.
(author)
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Common psychosocial stressors in middle-aged women related to longstanding distress and increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a 38 year longitudinal population study
- 2013
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In: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 3:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To study the relation among psychosocial stressors, long-standing distress and incidence of dementia, in a sample of women followed from midlife to late life. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal population study. SETTING: The analyses originate from the prospective population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden, a representative sample of women examined in 1968 (participation rate 90%) and re-examined in 1974, 1980, 1992, 2000 and 2005. PARTICIPANTS: 800 women born in 1914, 1918, 1922 and 1930 who were systematically selected for a psychiatric examination at baseline, in 1968. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: 18 psychosocial stressors (eg, divorce, widowhood, work problems and illness in relative) were obtained at baseline. Symptoms of distress were measured according to a standardised question at each study wave. Dementia was diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) criteria based on information from neuropsychiatric examinations, informant interviews, hospital records, and registry data, and measured through the whole study period. RESULTS: During the 37 years of follow-up, 153 women developed dementia (104 of those had Alzheimer's disease (AD)). Number of psychosocial stressors in 1968 was associated (HR, 95% CI) with higher incidence of dementia (1.15, 1.04 to 1.27) and AD (1.20, 1.07 to 1.35) between 1968 and 2005, in multivariate Cox regressions. Number of psychosocial stressors in 1968 was also associated (OR, 95% CI) with distress in 1968 (1.48, 1.32 to 1.67), 1974 (1.31, 1.17 to 1.46), 1980 (1.27, 1.11 to 1.45), 2000 (1.39, 1.14 to 1.70) and 2005 (1.35, 1.02 to 1.79), in multivariate logistic regressions. Number of psychosocial stressors (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.33) and long-standing distress (1968-1974-1980) (HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.45) were independently associated with AD. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that common psychosocial stressors may have severe and long-standing physiological and psychological consequences. However, more studies are needed to confirm these results and investigate whether more interventions such as stress management and behavioural therapy should be initiated in individuals who have experienced psychosocial stressors.
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| 6. |
- Johansson, Lena, 1972, et al.
(author)
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Midlife personality and risk of Alzheimer disease and distress: A 38-year follow-up.
- 2014
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In: Neurology. - 0028-3878 .- 1526-632X. ; 83:17, s. 1538-44
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To study the association between midlife neuroticism and extraversion and development of late-life dementia and long-standing distress in a sample of women followed for 38 years. METHODS: A population-based sample of 800 women, aged 38 to 54 years, was examined in 1968, with subsequent examinations in 1974, 1980, 1992, 2000, and 2005. Neuroticism and extraversion were assessed using the Eysenck Personality Inventory at baseline. Distress was measured according to a standardized question at each study wave. Dementia was diagnosed according to DSM-III-R criteria based on information from neuropsychiatric examinations, informant interviews, hospital records, and registry data. RESULTS: During the 38-year follow-up, 153 women developed dementia; Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia was diagnosed in 104 of these. A higher degree of neuroticism in midlife was associated with increased risk of AD dementia and long-standing distress over 38 years. The association between neuroticism and AD dementia diminished after adjusting for long-standing distress. Extraversion was associated with a lower degree of long-standing distress, but had no impact on AD dementia. When the 2 personality dimensions were combined, high neuroticism/low extraversion showed the highest risk of AD dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that midlife neuroticism is associated with increased risk of AD dementia, and that distress mediates this association. The results have clinical implications because a group of women at risk of AD dementia is identified.
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| 7. |
- Karlsson, Björn, 1981, et al.
(author)
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DSM-IV and DSM-5 Prevalence of Social Anxiety Disorder in a Population Sample of Older People
- 2016
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In: The American journal of geriatric psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1064-7481 .- 1545-7214. ; 24:12, s. 1237-1245
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: To examine the prevalence of social anxiety disorders (SAD) with (DSM-IV) and without (DSM-5) the person's own assessment that the fear was unreasonable, in a population sample of older adults. Further, to determine whether clinical and sociodemographic correlates of SAD differ depending on the criteria applied. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: General population in Gothenburg, Sweden. Participants: A random population-based sample of 75- and 85-year olds (N = 1200) without dementia. Measurements: Psychiatric research nurses carried out a semi-structured psychiatric examination including the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale. DSM-IV SAD was diagnosed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. SAD was diagnosed according to DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. The 6-month duration criterion in DSM-5 was not applied because of lack of information. Other assessments included the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), the Brief Scale for Anxiety (BSA), and the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Results: The 1-month prevalence of SAD was 2.5% (N = 30) when the unreasonable fear criterion was defined in accordance with DSM-IV and 5.1% (N = 61) when the DSM-5 criterion was applied. Clinical correlates (GAF, MADRS, and BSA) were worse in SAD cases identified by either procedure compared with all others, and ratings for those reporting unreasonable fear suggested greater (albeit nonsignificant) overall psychopathology. Conclusions: Shifting the judgment of how reasonable the fear was, from the individual to the clinician, doubled the prevalence of SAD. This indicates that the DSM-5 version might increase prevalence rates of SAD in the general population. Further studies strictly applying all DSM-5 criteria are needed in order to confirm these findings.
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| 8. |
- Ribbe, Mats, 1985, et al.
(author)
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Amyloid β42 and Total Tau Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid Associate with Survival in an 85-Year-Old Population-Based Cohort Followed until Death
- 2019
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In: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. - : S. Karger AG. - 1420-8008 .- 1421-9824. ; 47:1-2, s. 114-123
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Dementia of Alzheimer's type (AD) is related to decreased survival. It is not clear whether also biological markers of AD are related to mortality. Low levels of amyloid beta-42 (Aβ42) and high levels of total tau (T-tau) protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are established biomarkers for AD. >bold<>italic/italic<>/bold< Our aim was to investigate whether levels of Aβ42 and T-tau are associated with survival among octogenarians independently of dementia status. >bold<>italic/italic<>/bold< Sixty-five 85-year-olds underwent lumbar puncture and were followed with repeated neuropsychiatric examinations until death.>bold<>italic< Results:>/italic<>/bold< Lower CSF Aβ42 (>italic/italic< = 0.010) and higher CSF T-tau (>italic/italic< = 0.005) at the age of 85 were associated with lower survival independently of dementia status at baseline and follow-up. Low CSF Aβ42 and high CSF T-tau were also related to baseline dementia at the age of 85 years, and lower CSF Aβ42 with increased dementia incidence during the first 3 years of follow-up. >bold<>italic/italic<>/bold< Biological markers of AD are associated with mortality in octogenarians. The reason for this needs further study. Our findings highlight the importance to consider the competing risk of death when evaluating biological markers of AD in the very old. © 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Rydberg Sterner, Therese, et al.
(author)
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The Gothenburg H70 Birth cohort study 2014-16: design, methods and study population.
- 2019
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In: European journal of epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-7284 .- 0393-2990. ; 34:2, s. 191-209
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To improve health care for older persons, we need to learn more about ageing, e.g. identify protective factors and early markers for diseases. The Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Studies (the H70 studies) are multidisciplinary epidemiological studies examining representative birth cohorts of older populations in Gothenburg, Sweden. So far, six birth cohorts of 70-year-olds have been examined over time, and examinations have been virtually identical between studies. This paper describes the study procedures for the baseline examination of the Birth cohort 1944, conducted in 2014-16. In this study, all men and women born 1944 on specific dates, and registered as residents in Gothenburg, were eligible for participation (n = 1839). A total of 1203 (response rate 72.2%; 559 men and 644 women; mean age 70.5 years) agreed to participate in the study. The study comprised sampling of blood and cerebrospinal fluid, psychiatric, cognitive, and physical health examinations, examinations of genetics and family history, use of medications, social factors, functional ability and disability, physical fitness and activity, body composition, lung function, audiological and ophthalmological examinations, diet, brain imaging, as well as a close informant interview, and qualitative studies. As in previous examinations, data collection serves as a basis for future longitudinal follow-up examinations. The research gained from the H70 studies has clinical relevance in relation to prevention, early diagnosis, clinical course, experience of illness, understanding pathogenesis and prognosis. Results will increase our understanding of ageing and inform service development, which may lead to enhanced quality of care for older persons.
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| 10. |
- Sacuiu, Simona, 1971, et al.
(author)
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Secular changes in cognitive predictors of dementia and mortality in 70-year-olds.
- 2010
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In: Neurology. - 1526-632X. ; 75:9, s. 779-85
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Successive elderly birth cohorts improved in cognitive performance during the 20th century. It is not clear whether this influences cognitive predictors of dementia and mortality. OBJECTIVE: In 2 longitudinal population studies, representing 2 cohorts of 70-year-olds examined 30 years apart, we investigated the relation between baseline cognitive function and 5-year occurrence of dementia and mortality. METHODS: Two representative cohorts of 70-year-olds initially free from dementia born in 1901-1902 (cohort 1901-1902: n = 381) and 1930 (cohort 1930: n = 551) from Gothenburg, Sweden, were examined in 1971-1972 and 2000-2001 and after 5 years for the outcome of dementia and death. Recent memory was evaluated during psychiatric examinations, and nonmemory domains using psychometric tests. RESULTS: At age 70, cohort 1930 performed better on psychometric tests, and had fewer recent memory problems compared to cohort 1901-1902. During 5-year follow-up, 5.0% in cohort 1901-1902 and 4.4% in cohort 1930 (p = 0.742) developed dementia, and 15.7% in cohort 1901-1902 and 4.4% in cohort 1930 died (p < 0.001). Recent memory was associated with incident dementia in both cohorts. Low scores in nonmemory tests were associated with incident dementia in cohort 1901-1902, but not in cohort 1930. Recent memory problems and lower scores in nonmemory tests were associated with 5-year mortality in cohort 1901-1902, but not in cohort 1930. CONCLUSIONS: Secular changes in cognitive performance may influence cognitive predictors of dementia and mortality, despite similar incidence of dementia. The findings should be taken cautiously due to differences between cohorts in refusal rates, quality of education, and dementia recognition in medical records.
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